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 Articles and Papers by Epsilon Staff

Web Based Articles

The future of product assessment and surveillance in Europe - Avoid Costly Product Recalls!

IP and NEMA - How the Ingress Protection and NEMA code system works

DSEAR Overview - A beginners guide to implementing the DSEAR legislation for explosion protection.

ATEX Marking - Information on ATEX Marking, codes and labels

Zones &  Divisions - How zoning and area classification works for Europe, IEC and North America

Intrinsically Safe Systems - Information on how to assess and document intrinsically safe systems

Archive PDF Documents ready to print  

Click the links below to view the latest Epsilon Articles and Technical Guidance

  1. The steps to plant explosion safety (DSEAR & ATEX 137)
  2. Intrinsic Safety for Beginners
  3. An Overview of Hazardous Area Requirements for ATEX
  4. ATEX Non Electrical Assessment and Certification
  5. A Guide to CE Marking
  6. What is an ATEX Quality Module and who needs it?
  7. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005- The new Fire Safety Legislation
  8. A guide to DSEAR Legislation
  9. The Differences between Zones and Divisions (Europe and American schemes)
  10. ATEX Equipment Marking and ATEX 'codes'
Epsilon Technical Guidance Documents ready to print
  1. Intrinsic safety designers considerations
  2. How to....Intrinsic safety drawings
  3. Risk Assessment with PHAST
  4. How to...Installation documentation requirements
  5. How to...Area Classification Drawings
  6. Information for Flameproof (Ex d) Manufacturers on new requirements
 
 The steps to DSEAR/ATEX137 Compliance- Do you comply?
Article AbstractClick to Open

Explosions (and fires) cost the petrochemical and process industry billions in capital equipment replacement and lost production. Preventing such occurrences can be achieved for a fraction of the cost of a single incident and should be employed wherever there is the risk of an explosion.

There are several fundamental and basic steps to ensuring that your facility is safe (to an acceptable level) from the risk of an explosion. It is vital that you are able to demonstrate this to insurers and inspection authorities, but it is also a requirement of ‘best practice’ safety and continuous improvement. The following article outlines the basic steps to ensure Explosion Safety.

 
 
 Intrinsic Safety for Beginners
Article AbstractClick to Open
Intrinsic safety is a protection concept employed in potentially explosive atmospheres. Intrinsic safety relies on the electrical apparatus being designed so that it is unable to release sufficient energy, by either thermal or electrical means, to cause an ignition of a flammable gas. The energies required to ignite various gas groups have been proven by experimentation. Graphs of this data have been produced, and can be used to indicate safe levels of energy.

A very small amount of energy is required to cause an ignition, for example, a mixture of Hydrogen in air requires only 2OuJ of energy. In electrical circuits the mechanism for the release of this ignition energy is one or more of the following....

 

 
 
 An Overview of Hazardous Area Requirements for ATEX
Article AbstractClick to Open

An explosion is any uncontrolled combustion wave. In order to create an explosion the has to be fuel (for example and explosive gas such as hydrogen), and oxidizer (such as the oxygen in air) and a source of ignition energy (for example, a hot surface or an electrical spark. These three items are commonly referred to as ‘the fire triangle’ and represented as below.

In addition to this, two additional facets are required; something to mix the fuel and the oxidizer (such as the turbulence created in a gas leak under pressure) and containment. It is however common industrial practice to use the term ‘explosion’ for both confined and unconfined combustion.....

 

 

 ATEX Non-Electrical
Article AbstractClick to Open

If you design, manufacture or sell any equipment or protective system intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres you will need to comply with the ATEX Directive 94/9/EC and the CE Marking Directive. Directive 94/9/EC is a directive adopted by the European Union (EU) to facilitate free trade in the EU by aligning the technical and legal requirements in the Member States for products intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. However the directive also specifically identifies excluded equipment which may include some types of Fluid Machinery. Manufacturers will need to examine the areas of applicability and exclusions before determining whether or not the product is subject to the EC Directive 94/9/EC. It will then be necessary to categorise the product by level of risk...

 

 

 A Guide to CE Marking
Article AbstractClick to Open

The ‘CE’ Mark is often though of as a product safety mark that can be obtained by third party testing. Many manufacturers do not realise their liability, or there alternatives in obtaining the legitimate use of the ‘CE Marking’ The existence of the European Community (EC) has resulted in a new series of community laws relating to the marketing and purchase of electrical equipment and plant for use at work.

The objective of the system is to remove technical barriers to trade within the EC and every Member State will therefore have its own Regulations which implement each EC Directive from a date subsequent to the adoption date of the Directive itself.....

 

 

 

 

 ATEX Quality Modules
Article AbstractClick to Open

A Basic guide to what an ATEX Quality Module is (and isn't!) and who should have one!

The article deals with the different types of module, why we do not have 'ATEX Shops' and the relationship between the Quality Module and ISO9001:2000.

 

 

 

 

 

 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005
Article AbstractClick to Open

The proposed sweeping reform of general fire safety legislation in England and Wales will affect employers and virtually all those responsible for non-domestic premises. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (RRO) for England and Wales comes into force on

01 October 2006 with Scotland and Northern Ireland considering parallel changes. It will attempt to simplify, rationalise and consolidate existing legislation.

With around 120 items of fire safety-related legislation, it is inevitable that overlapping and confusing inconsistencies arise in existing fire safety provisions. These can bewilder the professional, never mind the layperson. This article attempts to clarify both the changes and the new requirements mandatory by law.

 
 
 A Guide to DSEAR Legislation
Article AbstractClick to Open

The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR) came into force on 9th December 2002 and applies to workplaces in the majority of industrial and commercial sector.

DSEAR provides for the protection against risks from fire, explosion and similar events arising from dangerous substances used or present in the workplace, and sets minimum requirements for the protection of workers from fire and explosion risks related to dangerous substances and potentially explosive atmospheres.

This article full explains what DSEAR is and how it may effect you.

 

 

 
 The Differences between Zones and Divisions
Article AbstractClick to Open

What are the differences between the Zone and Division systems in hazardous (classified) locations?

Zone? Division? What are the similarities and differences?

Aims of both are to promote safety by protecting against the ignition of flammable gases by electrical arcing or electrically heated surfaces. Also, both systems work with the same natural laws of physics and chemistry, such as gas ignition temperatures and combustible percentages of volatile gases.

 

 

 Marking and ATEX Equipment - A Guide
Article AbstractClick to Open

This article covers how equipment was marked prior to ATEX and how that has changed under ATEX for both electrical and non-electrical equipment.

This article also clearly explains the cryptic ATEX 'coding' system and how to read or apply it in various situations.

 

 

 

GUIDANCE

 INTRINSIC SAFETY DESIGN HIT LIST
Guidance  AbstractClick to Open
Aide Memoir for Intrinsic safety requirements for certification and design.

 

 

 

 

 

 INTRINSIC SAFETY DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
Guidance  AbstractClick to Open
How to do i.s. drawings properly- the minimum information needed by Notified Bodies such as Epsilon. Get it right first time and get faster certification!

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 Example graphics from a Risk Assessment
Guidance  AbstractClick to Open
Indication of how a report will look using CFD/Explosion modeling software for area classification/major leaks using PHAST. (This was part of an Epsilon Study report that was in excess of 400 pages).

 

 

 

 
 

 

 EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION UNDER DSEAR/ATEX
Guidance  AbstractClick to Open
What suppliers /installer should be providing to site/capacity owners with respect to documentation and reports.

 

 

 

 
 
 
 DSEAR/ATEX DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
Guidance  AbstractClick to Open

Documents required for AREA Classification reports./Drawings and Risk Assessment that would satisfy the requiems for an EPD (Explosion Protection Document) or Technical Dossier.

 

 

 

 

 

 GUIDANCE ON THE NEW Ex d STANDARD
Guidance  AbstractClick to Open

Changes that may affect you if you are applying for certification of Ex d Equipment under ATEX or IEC.